Louis Xvi Attempts to Flee to Austria With His Family.

22.4.iv: Louis 16 and Marie-Antoinette's Attempts to Escape

The Flying to Varennes, or the royal family's unsuccessful escape from Paris during the night of June 20-21, 1791, undermined the credibility of the male monarch as a ramble monarch and eventually led to the escalation of the crisis and the execution of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette.

Learning Objective

Analyze the consequences of the purple family's attempted escapes

Cardinal Points

• Following the Women's March on Versailles, the majestic family unit was forced to render to Paris. They remained virtual prisoners in the Tuileries, the official residence of the king. Louis XVI became emotionally paralyzed, leaving about important decisions to the queen. At her insistence, Louis committed himself and his family to a disastrous attempt of escape from the capital to the eastern frontier on June 21, 1791.
• Due to the cumulative effect of a host of errors that in and of themselves would not have condemned the mission to failure, the majestic family was thwarted in its escape after Jean-Baptiste Drouet, the postmaster of Sainte-Menehould, recognized the male monarch from his portrait. The male monarch and his family were eventually arrested in the town of Varennes, 31 miles from their ultimate destination, the heavily fortified royalist citadel of Montmédy.
• The intended goal of the unsuccessful flight was to provide the king with greater freedom of action and personal security than was possible in Paris. At Montmédy, General François Claude de Bouillé concentrated a force of 10,000 regulars of the old imperial army who were notwithstanding considered loyal to the monarchy. The long-term political objectives of the majestic couple and their closest directorate remain unclear.
• The brownie of the king as a constitutional monarch had been seriously undermined. However, on July fifteen, 1791 the National Constituent Assembly agreed that he could be restored to ability if he agreed to the constitution, although some factions opposed the proposal. The determination led to the Gnaw de Mars Massacre two days later.
• From the fall of 1791 on, the king tied his hopes of political salvation to the dubious prospects of foreign intervention. Prompted by Marie Antoinette, Louis rejected the advice of the moderate constitutionalists, led by Antoine Barnave, to fully implement the Constitution of 1791 he had sworn to maintain.
• The outbreak of the war with Austria in April 1792 and the publication of the Brunswick Manifesto led to the storming of the Tuileries by Parisian radicals on Baronial 10, 1792. This assail led in plough to the suspension of the king'southward powers by the Legislative Associates and the proclamation of the First French Republic on September 21. Some republicans called for the king's deposition, others for his trial for alleged treason and intended defection to the enemies of the French nation. Bedevilled, Louis was sent to the guillotine on Jan 21, 1793. 9 months later, Marie Antoinette was also convicted of treason and beheaded on October xvi.

Cardinal Terms

Flying to Varennes

An unsuccessful attempt to escape Paris past King Louis XVI of France, his wife Marie Antoinette, and their firsthand family during the night of June 20-21, 1791 to initiate a counter-revolution at the caput of loyal troops under royalist officers concentrated at Montmédy virtually the borderland. They escaped only equally far as the pocket-sized town of Varennes, where they were arrested subsequently having been recognized at their previous stop in Sainte-Menehould.

Brunswick Manifesto

A declaration issued on July 25, 1792, by Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, commander of the Allied Army (principally Austrian and Prussian) to the population of Paris during the War of the First Coalition. It threatened that if the French royal family unit were harmed, then French civilians would be harmed. It was a measure intended to intimidate Paris, but instead, it helped further spur the increasingly radical French Revolution.

Champ de Mars Massacre

A massacre that took place on July 17, 1791, in Paris in the midst of the French Revolution. Two days earlier, the National Constituent Assembly issued a prescript that Louis Sixteen would remain male monarch under a ramble monarchy. This decision came after Male monarch Louis Xvi and his family unit unsuccessfully tried to abscond France in the Flight to Varennes the month before. After that day, leaders of the republicans in France rallied against this decision, somewhen leading royalist Lafayette to club the massacre.

March on Versailles

A march on October 5, 1789, during the French Revolution amongst women in the marketplaces of Paris who were near rioting over the high toll and scarcity of bread. Their demonstrations quickly became intertwined with the activities of revolutionaries, who were seeking liberal political reforms and a ramble monarchy for France. The market women and their diverse allies grew into a crowd of thousands. Encouraged by revolutionary agitators, they ransacked the city armory for weapons and marched to the Palace of Versailles.

Flight to Varennes

Following the Women's March on Versailles, the majestic family was forced to render to Paris. Louis XVI attempted to work within the framework of his limited powers only won little support. He and the imperial family unit remained virtual prisoners in the Tuileries, a imperial and royal palace in Paris that served as the residence of most French monarchs. For the next two years, the palace remained the official residence of the male monarch.

Louis 16 became emotionally paralyzed, leaving nearly important decisions to the queen. Prodded by the queen, Louis committed the family to a disastrous escape try from the capital to the eastern frontier on June 21, 1791. With the dauphin's governess the Marquise de Tourzel taking on the part of a Russian baroness, the queen pretending to be a governess, the king's sis, Madame Élisabeth a nurse, the king a valet, and the royal children the declared baroness' daughters, the royal family fabricated their escape leaving the Tuileries around midnight. The escape was largely planned by the queen's favorite, the Swedish Count Axel von Fersenand the Baron de Breteuil, who had garnered support from Swedish Rex Gustavus III. Fersen had urged the use of two low-cal carriages, which would have made the 200-mile journey to Montmédy relatively quickly. However this would have involved splitting upward the royal family and Louis and Marie-Antoinette decided on the use of a heavy, conspicuous coach fatigued past half-dozen horses.

Due to the cumulative effect of a host of errors, which in and of themselves would not have condemned the mission to failure, the royal family was thwarted in its escape after Jean-Baptiste Drouet, the postmaster of Sainte-Menehould, recognized the king from his portrait. The king and his family unit were somewhen arrested in the town of Varennes, 31 miles from their ultimate destination, the heavily fortified royalist citadel of Montmédy.

The arrest of Louis Sixteen and his family at the house of the registrar of passports, at Varennes in June 1791by Thomas Falcon Marshall.

The male monarch's flight was traumatic for France. The realization that the rex had effectually repudiated the revolutionary reforms fabricated to that bespeak came as a shock to people who until then had seen him as a fundamentally decent male monarch who governed equally a manifestation of God's will. They felt betrayed. Republicanism burst out of the coffeehouses and became the ascendant ideal of revolutionary leaders.

The Question of Goals

The intended goal of the unsuccessful flight was to provide the rex with greater liberty of action and personal security than was possible in Paris. At Montmédy, Full general François Claude de Bouillé concentrated a force of 10,000 regulars of the sometime royal regular army who were still considered loyal to the monarchy. The long-term political objectives of the royal couple and their closest advisers remain unclear. A detailed certificate entitled Declaration to the French People prepared by Louis for presentation to the National Assembly and left behind in the Tuileries indicates that his personal goal was a render to the concessions and compromises contained in the annunciation of the Third Estate in June 1789, immediately prior to the outbreak of violence in Paris and the storming of the Guardhouse. Private correspondence from Marie Antoinette takes a more reactionary line of restoration of the onetime monarchy without concessions, although referring to pardons for all but the revolutionary leadership and the metropolis of Paris.

The Champ de Mars Massacre

When the royal family finally returned nether guard to Paris, the revolutionary crowd met the imperial carriage with uncharacteristic silence and the regal family was once again bars to the Tuileries Palace. From this point forward, the abolition of the monarchy and the institution of a republic became an ever-increasing possibility. The credibility of the rex as a constitutional monarch had been seriously undermined. However, on July 15, 1791, the National Elective Assembly agreed that the male monarch could exist restored to power if he agreed to the constitution, although some factions opposed the proposal.

Afterward that solar day, Jacques Pierre Brissot, editor and main writer of Le Patriote français and president of the Comité des Recherches of Paris, drew upwardly a petition enervating the removal of the rex. A crowd of fifty,000 people gathered at the Gnaw de Mars on July 17 to sign the petition, and near 6,000 had already signed. But before that solar day, two suspicious people hidigg at the Gnaw de Mars were hanged by those who found them. Jean Sylvain Bailly, the mayor of Paris, used this incident to declare martial law. The Marquis de Lafayette and the National Guard, which was under his control, were temporarily able to disperse the crowd but fifty-fifty more people returned later that afternoon. Lafayette again tried to disperse the crowd, who in response threw stones at the National Baby-sit. After firing unsuccessful warning shots, the National Guard opened fire directly on the crowd, an upshot known as the Champ de Mars Massacre.The verbal numbers of dead and wounded are unknown; estimates range from 12 to 50 dead.

Execution of Louis and Marie Antoinette

From the autumn of 1791 on, the male monarch tied his hopes of political salvation to the dubious prospects of foreign intervention. Prompted by Marie Antoinette, Louis rejected the advice of the moderate constitutionalists, led by Antoine Barnave, to fully implement the Constitution of 1791 he had sworn to maintain. He instead secretly committed himself to covert counter-revolution. At the same time, the king's failed escape endeavour alarmed many other European monarchs, who feared that the revolutionary fervor would spread to their countries and result in instability outside France. Relations between France and its neighbors, already strained because of the revolution, deteriorated even further, with some strange ministries calling for war against the revolutionary government.

The outbreak of the war with Austria in April 1792 and the publication of the Brunswick Manifesto led to the storming of the Tuileries past Parisian radicals on August 10, 1792. This attack led in turn to the intermission of the king'southward powers by the Legislative Associates and the proclamation of the First French Democracy on September 21. In Nov, proof of Louis XVI'due south dealings with the deceased revolutionary politician Mirabeau and of his counterrevolutionary intrigues with foreigners was establish in a secret iron chest in the Tuileries. It was at present no longer possible to pretend that the reforms of the French Revolution had been made with the free consent of the rex. Some republicans called for his degradation, others for his trial for alleged treason and intended revolt to the enemies of the French nation. On December 3, it was decided that Louis XVI, who together with his family had been imprisoned since August, should be brought to trial for treason. He appeared twice before the National Convention. Convicted, Louis was sent to the guillotine on Jan 21, 1793. Nine months afterward, Marie Antoinette was also convicted of treason and beheaded on October sixteen.

Attributions

• Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette'southward Attempts to Escape

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